The authors will critically evaluate some of the assumptions and methods that have underpinned the work they have conducted with their principal collaborators (Bishop, Jones, Lane, Lim and Terry) and appraise the exercise-related studies since the 1997 review of Karageorghis and Terry.
The purpose of this two-part article is to review and synthesise the extant literature with a primary focus on exercise-related activities Daniel Bishop produced a comprehensive review of the sport-related literature recently in the Sport and Exercise Psychology Review (2010). The proposed benefits of music in such contexts have intrigued researchers for over 40 years. The authors have spent the last two decades systematically investigating the effects of music in exercise, sport and other physical activity contexts (e.g., physiotherapy rehabilitation). Guidelines are provided for future research and exercise practitioners. When selected according to its motivational qualities, the positive impact of music on both psychological state and performance is magnified. The effects of music appear to be at their most potent when it is used to accompany self-paced exercise or in externally valid conditions. There is evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can promote ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, although it appears to be ineffective in reducing perceptions of exertion beyond the anaerobic threshold. During repetitive, endurance-type activities, self-selected, motivational and stimulative music has been shown to enhance affect, reduce ratings of perceived exertion, improve energy efficiency and lead to increased work output. Pre-task music has been shown to optimise arousal, facilitate task-relevant imagery and improve performance in simple motoric tasks. In this two-part review paper, the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms underlying the effects of music are explicated (Part I), followed by a critical review and synthesis of empirical work (spread over Parts I and II).
Since a 1997 review by Karageorghis and Terry, which highlighted the state of knowledge and methodological weaknesses, the number of studies investigating musical reactivity in relation to exercise has swelled considerably.
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