6 Leech cocoons will hatch in approximately 30 days therefore repeated treatment may become necessary at that time. It is also important to remember when calculating the dose that commercial preparations of organophosphates vary in percentage of active ingredients. Trichlorfon (Dylox) for a 5- to 6-hour bath has also been used with success however, it is strongly recommended to premedicate with atropine approximately 45–60 minutes prior to trichlorfon treatment (see Table 47.1).
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Manual removal when leeches are easily accessible is a treatment option, but the process is time consuming. 11 Leeches are most commonly recovered from the claspers, pectoral fins, eyes, oral cavity, and cephalic lobes and appear to remain permanently attached to the host if not removed. McDermott, personal communication, January 26, 2017). Affected species have included sawfish (Pristis pristis), guitarfish (Rhina ancylostoma), zebra sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum), spotted eagle rays (Aetobatus narinari), manta rays ( Manta birostris), southern stingrays, and experimentally yellow stingrays (Urobatis jamaicensis) (A. 6,11 Leeches may also serve as vectors for infectious diseases. These marine leeches exclusively parasitize elasmobranchs, resulting in ulcerations at attachment sites, lethargy, anorexia, anemia, and potential death in as little as 5 days (A. Inadvertent introduction of Branchellion torpedinis leeches into closed saltwater aquariums has reported.
Each pelvic fin consists of a posterior fin-like lobe and an anterior ‘leg-like’ lobe, the latter supported by radials that are functionally equivalent to femur, tibia and digits, with a broad condyle on the pelvic girdle accommodating a wide range of movements ( Holst and Bone, 1993 Lucifora and Vassallo, 2002).Ĭlaire Erlacher-Reid, in Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, VolLeech Infestation in a Large Mixed-Species Saltwater Aquarium These are ‘legged’, ‘bipedal’ or ‘walking’ skates. normani) are modified for locomotion (‘walking’) along the bottom. In a remarkable instance of convergence between fins and limbs, the pelvic fins of the Rio skate Rioraja agassizi, the small nose sand skate Sympterygia bonapartii and skates within the genus Psammobatis (the smallthorn sand skate P. The radials are dorso-ventrally flattened and in some species covered superficially with a calcified layer. We do know that the skeletal elements of the cephalic fin are derived from radials of the pectoral fin and from the anterior dorsal-most region of the neurocranium extending over the nasal capsules. Left and right cephalic fins are connected basally but are separate from the pectoral fins.
Nothing is known of their development, however.
Little was known about the skeletons of cephalic fins in adults until Mulvany and Motta (2013) examined nine species, all of which use these fins (lobes) to grasp and manipulate prey. Images kindly supplied by Samantha Mulvany. An X-ray of the spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari seen from the ventral surface to show the whip-like tail, gill clefts, enormously expanded pectoral fins and cephalic lobes (above) and, below, a closer image of the cephalic lobes separated by a pen.
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